Keyboard shortcuts for Microsoft Word 2007

Ctrl + A ==> To selects all documents in current file/folder, or select all text in current document

Ctrl + B ==> To make the font Bold

Ctrl + C ==> To Copy text or item to clipboard

Ctrl + D ==> To display Font dialogue box

Ctrl + E ==> To perform Centre Alignment for selected text

Ctrl + F ==> To perform Find & Replace action on text within document

Ctrl + G ==> To display Go To dialogue box to go to a specific location in document

Ctrl + H ==> To display the Find & Replace dialogue box

Ctrl + I ==> to make the selected text Italic

Ctrl + J ==> To make the selected text/document in full Justification

Ctrl + K ==> To create Hyperlink in the document

Ctrl + L ==> To apply Left Alignment on selected text/document

Ctrl + M ==> To perform the Tab action

Ctrl + N ==> To create a New document

Ctrl + O ==> To Open the existing file from local drives

Ctrl + P ==> To display the Print dialogue box

Ctrl + R ==> To apply Right Alignment on selected text/document

Ctrl + S ==> To Save/Save As current file/document

Ctrl + U ==> To Underline the selected text

Ctrl + V ==> To Paste the text/item that was Cut/Copied before

Ctrl + X ==> To Cut the selected text/item

Ctrl + Y ==> To Redo last performed action

Ctrl + Z ==> To Undo last performed action

Ctrl + Enter ==> To insert a Page Break

Ctrl + F1 ==> To quickly hide the toolbar and ribbon bar of current document

Ctrl + F2 ==> To display the Print Preview

Ctrl + F4 ==> To close the active document window only

Ctrl + F6 ==> To make the next document window active

F1 ==> To get Word Help

F2 ==> To move selected text/item to new location

F3 ==> To insert Auto Text entry

F4 ==> To repeat the last action

F5 ==> Another shortcut to Find & Replace dialogue box

F6 ==> To go to next frame or pane quickly

F7 ==> To launch and apply the Spelling & Grammar check

F8 ==> To extend the current selection in both sides

F9 ==> To update the selected fields

F10 ==> To activate menu bar

F11 ==> To go to the next field

F12 ==> another shortcut to Save As a file/document

Shift + F1 ==> To open context sensitive help

Shift + F2 ==> To copy text/item to the new location quickly

Shift + F3 ==> To change the case of selected text

Shift + F4 ==> Another shortcut to perform Find and Go To action

Shift + F5 ==> To move to previous revision

Shift + F6 ==> To go to previous frame or pane

Shift + F7 ==> To launch Thesaurus

Shift + F8 ==> To shrink the current selection of text

Shift + F9 ==> To switch between a field code and its result

Shift + F10 ==> To display shortcut menu (similar to right-click)

Shift + F11 ==> To go to previous field

Shift + F12 ==> To Save document

Disadvantages of Computer System

Disadvantages of Computer:

Health Risks:

              Prolonged and improper computer use can load to injuries or disorder of hands, wrists, elbows,eyes, neck and back. Computer users can protect themselves from these health risks through proper workplace design, good posture while at computer and appropriate spaced work breaks.

Violation of Privacy:

              Nearly every life event is stored in a computer somewhere. In medical records, Credit reports, Tax records, etc. In many instance, where personal records were not protected properly, individuals have found their privacy violated and identities stolen.

Public Safety:

           Adults,teens and children around the world are using computers to share publicly their photos,videos,journals,music and other personal information. Some of these unsuspecting, innocent computer users have fallen victims to crime committed by dangerous strangers.

Impact on Environment:

             When computers are discarded in landfills, they release toxic materials and potentially dangerous level of Lead(pb), Mercury(hg), and flame retardants.

Immorality:

            Last few years immorality in our society have been increased due to computer and internet. Youngster spent a lot much time on net browsing and exploring irrelevant things on internet. And Specially in our country this thing became at very large scale. And in browsing immoral websites, in last ranking our country is on the top of the list.

Advantages of Computer System

Advantages in Business Field:

Multitasking:

                    The modern multimedia options enable entrepreneurs to work various tasks all at the same time. Workers in the offices can use the DVD-ROM while installing Printer Cartridges  and running a scan thus making workload easier and more convenient. With such, the need for an outsourcing company would not be essential because all the tasks can be addressed by majority of the manpower available.

Cost-effective:

                      These computers have allowed companies to cut costs on payroll and individual office equipment. Because of the efficient and fast outputs coupled with less expenditures on operations, revenues are then maximized  Good examples for this benefit are the email messaging that lessens postage costs and video conferencing that decreases travel allowances for employees.

Increased access to the market:

                      Because of the Internet, businesses have opened their doors to various opportunities all around the globe. For those selling goods, then customers can readily purchase them over the Web thus resulting to an increase in the sales of the firm. Also, advertising strategies are well utilized because by just simply posting a good multimedia scheme over the Web, firms can readily maximize their marketing plans.

Organisation:

            Different types of software are utilized to store a wide array of documents that must be kept confidential for years. With the help of computers, storage and retrieval of files are easily done with just a click of the mouse.

Some other Benefits:

             Those are the benefits that businesses are enjoying from the various innovations in computers now. Further, here are the societal advantages.

Education edge:

                   Nowadays, PC's enable students to search from a wide range of online resources. Hence, they can save time on looking for the best Internet source that can answer each of the queries. Instead of spending so much time looking for books, then this could answer the worries for students who want to hasten their tasks. Also, a new trend in education is online teaching. Through the Web, people can freely enroll in a specific course provided that you get to pay the fees on the specified date. This scheme can be very helpful for individuals who want to get a degree yet are to busy to get into the usual classroom setting.

Communication benefit:

                   Social networking sites, chat, and video conferencing sites are accessible because of computers. People across the globe can now talk to their loved ones in real time with the help of these gadgets. What is good about this communication option is that it is more cost effective than the usual telephone. By embracing such, people can now deliver messages and create a copy of that using quality printer cartridges in just a second.

Job opportunities:

                   These gadgets open up a wide array of workload for people. That is, experts are needed in software and hardware maintenance and checks. With the increasing demand for these professionals, unemployment is then lessened at a considerable percentage.

Home Entertainment:

                     During weekends, you may utilize your personal computer to watch films using its DVD-ROM. Aside from this, you may as well play games all throughout the day. You can simply install a variety of files that you can use for the whole day of indoor fun. From the latest TV shows to the more modern games, you can have them in your CPU just minutes.

These are some advantages of computer in our life. But there are lot much advantages of computer system in our lives. We are becoming dependent on computer due it's immense  speed and accuracy. If we continue trusting on computer then the time will come when people will become free and robots will work under the custody of Human Being.

Difference Between WiFi and WiMAX?

Wi-Fi:

Wifi (or WiFi) is a popular technology that allows an electronic device to exchange data wirelessly (using radio waves) over a computer network, including high-speed Internet connections. The Wi-Fi Alliance defines Wi-Fi as any "wireless local area network (WLAN) products that are based on the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers' (IEEE) 802.11 standards". However, since most modern WLANs are based on these standards, the term "Wi-Fi" is used in general English as a synonym for "WLAN".

A device that can use Wi-Fi (such as a personal computer, video-game console,smartphone, tablet, or digital audio player) can connect to a network resource such as the Internet via a wireless network access point. Such an access point (or hotspot) has a range of about 20 meters (65 feet) indoors and a greater range outdoors. Hotspot coverage can comprise an area as small as a single room with walls that block radio waves or as large as many square miles — this is achieved by using multiple overlapping access points. The Wi-Fi Alliance has since updated its test plan and certification program to ensure all newly certified devices resist brute-force AP PIN attacks.

WiMAX:

WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless communications standard designed to provide 30 to 40 megabit-per-second data rates, with the 2011 update providing up to 1 Gbit/s for fixed stations. The name "WiMAX" was created by the WiMAX Forum, which was formed in June 2001 to promote conformity and interoperability of the standard. The forum describes WiMAX as "a standards-based technology enabling the delivery of last mile wireless broadband access as an alternative to cable and DSL"

The bandwidth and range of WiMAX make it suitable for the following potential applications:

• Providing portable mobile broadband connectivity across cities and countries through a variety of devices.
• Providing a wireless alternative to cable and digital subscriber line (DSL) for "last mile" broadband access.
• Providing data, telecommunications (VoIP) and IPTV services.
• Providing a source of Internet connectivity as part of a business continuity plan.
• Smart grids and metering

Types of Networking

LAN:

            LAN short for Local Area Network, supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LAN's  and to the Internet or other WAN. The term LAN party refers to a multi-player gaming event where participants bring their own computers and build a temporary LAN.

WAN:

            WAN short form of Wide Area Network, spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist. Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.
             The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based on Extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines. WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs.

MAN:

MAN short form of Metropolitan Area Network is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

The IEEE 802-2002 standard describes a MAN as being:

"A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for inter-networking of local networks."

It can also be used in cable television.

Some important Definitions

Server and Clints:

               A server is a centralised computer which holds the information and resources centrally. A client machine is connected to the centralised server. The client machine requests the server for information through cables. The request is processed and sent back to the client by the server through the cable.

TCP/IP:

              TCP/IP short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

Computers running on the Internet or intranet communicate to each other using TCP protocols. IP address is given to each and every computer on the network. This IP address is unique and cannot be used by any other computer inside the network. An IP addre ss is like a telephone number allotted to the Telephone subscriber.

Packet:

           Large volumes of data sent over a network are split into small chunks of data and stored in digital packets and, an address is allotted to each such packet.

PING:

         PING short for Packet Internet Groper. This helps determine whether a specific IP address of a remote computer is accessible. It works by sending a required information of the TCP/IP by way of a packet to the specified address in a remote computer and waits for a reply. If the message is retu rns, then the connection is said to be proper, otherwise the connection is not established with the opposite computer. PING is used, primarily to troubleshoot Internet connections.

Network ID:

         Network ID is the physical name or ID allotted to a network. It helps find systems located on the same Physical Network. The ID is in the form of numbers, for example 100.23.40.59, where 100.23 denotes the network ID. The network ID is unique and cannot be duplicated.

Host ID:

         Host Id is the id given to a single computer connected to the network. The host id should be unique because it helps to identify a particular machine connected to the physical network. Example 100.23.40.59, where 40.59 denotes the Host ID of a computer connected to the network.

Router:

        Router is a device used to connect networks and helps transfer information packets across multiple networks. The above process is called Routing. A router reads the packet address and sends the packet to the mentioned address.

Domain Name Server:

        The Domain Name Server is a software that enables your computer to have computer name. As discussed earlier, computer will have a number mapping (for ex 109.33.93.11 can be named as computer.domain.local.somename). Domain name server is hierarchical in n ature. A computer can be identified in a network with the help of name allotted by the Domain Name Server.

FTP:

         FTP short for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a program which connects to a remote computer and helps perform file operations as well as transfers files from one computer on a network to another on the same network. FTP also helps in transferring files from one system to another system which has got a different operating system. (Operating System is a software which drives your computer to do operations. Examples of Operating System are MS DOS, UNIX, Windows NT, etc.)

What is Networking?

Networking

"In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data."
 Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

Area Networks:

           Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans.Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically span a single home, school, or small office building, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN. 

Network Design:

             Computer networks also differ in their design. The two basic forms of network design are called client/server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.

                  A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring networks and mesh networks.

Network Protocols:

                  Communication languages used by computer devices are called network protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols with each supporting specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks. 

Home Networking:

                    While other types of networks are built and maintained by engineers, home networks belong to ordinary homeowners, people often with little or no technical background. Various manufacturers produce broadband router hardware designed to simplify home network setup. Home broadband routers allow devices in different rooms to efficiently share a broadband Internet connection, enable people to more easily share their files and printers within the network, and help with overall network security.

                     Home networks have increased in capability with each generation of new technology. Years ago, people commonly set up their home network just to connect a few PCs, share some documents and perhaps a printer. Now its common for households to also network game consoles, digital video recorders, and smartphones for streaming sound and video. Home automation systems have also existed for many years, but these too have grown in popularity more recently with practical systems for controlling lights, digital thermostats and appliances.

Business Networks:

                   Small and home office (SOHO) environments use similar technology as found in home networks. Businesses often have additional communication, data storage, and security requirements that require expanding their networks in different ways, particularly as the business gets larger. Whereas a home network generally functions as one LAN, a business network tends to contain multiple LANs. Companies with buildings in multiple locations utilize wide-area networking to connect these branch offices together. Though also available and used by some households, voice over IP communication and network storage and backup technologies are prevalent in businesses. Larger companies also maintain their own internal Web sites, called intranets to help with employee business communication.

Networking and the Internet:

                     The popularity of computer networks sharply increased with the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the 1990s. Public Web sites, peer to peer (P2P) file sharing systems, and various other services run on Internet servers across the world. 

Wired vs. Wireless Networking:

                  Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. More recently, however, wireless alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks, in part to support smartphones and the other new kinds of wireless gadgets that have triggered the rise of mobile networking. 

System Software VS Application Softwares

System Software:

A System Software is a platform for the computer applications at which they run. It is the software for the computers.

System software includes Operating system, Compiler and utilities.

Some most common OS are listed below:

•  BIOS
• Linux
• Microsoft Windows
• Mac OS X

For more detail read Operating System

Application Software:

Application software helps the users to perform their tasks conveniently and with more ease.

Application Software includes Database programs, word processors and Spreadsheets.

Application softwares are also called as End-user programs.

Application software available in a variety of forms:

1. Packaged software
2. custom software
3. Web application
4. Open source software
5. Freeware
6. Shareware
7. Public domain software, etc.

Elements of Information System.

Information System:

"A single set of hardware, software, databases, telecommunications, people, and procedures configured to collect, manipulate, store, and process data into information."
 Some experts list five basic elements of a CBIS are hardware, software, data, procedures and people. Others add a sixth element, communications, to the list.

Hardware:

• Hardware is the most obvious part of a computer-based information system. Hardware refers to the computers themselves, along with any and all peripherals, including servers, routers, monitors, printers and storage devices. A CBIS may use a single computer or thousands.

Software:

• Without software, the hardware wouldn't be very useful. Software, the second element of a CBIS, is what tells the hardware how to function. It gathers, organizes and manipulates data and carries out instructions. Everything you do using a computer is done by the software.

  Data:

  • Data, or information, is the third element of a CBIS. Just as hardware cannot function without software, software cannot function without data. This is the information part of an information system, and whether that is statistical data, sets of instructions, lists of names or even graphics and animations, it is all key to a CBIS.

  Procedures:

  • It is commonly said that "procedures are to people what software is to hardware." The fourth element of CBIS, procedures are the rules, descriptions and instructions for how things are done. In computer-based information systems, procedures are frequently covered in instruction or user manuals that describe how to use the hardware, software and data.

  People:

  • People are the most often overlooked and most important part of a computer-based information system. It is people who design and operate the software, input the data, build the hardware and keep it running, write the procedures and it is ultimately people who determine the success or failure of a CBIS.

  Communication:

  • Communication is left out of some lists of CBIS elements, but for a CBIS that involves more than one piece of hardware to function, communication or connectivity is a necessity. This is, in part, because parts of it are covered under hardware. The components that allow one computer to communicate with another are hardware and are controlled by software. If communication between people is included in this element, though, it is an important element.

Control Unit:

Control unit is the component of processor that directs the computer to perform different operations. In other word Control unit controls the instruction that are to be performed.

To understand, control unit is a traffic warden for computers.

The other function of control unit other than direction is that it also initiate the computer to perform that operation.

ALU, Registers and Buses are the components that take directions from Control unit.

Arithmetic Logic Unit:

It is also component of processor that performs operations.

the basic operations that are performed by ALU are

• Arithmetic Operations (addition, subtraction multiplication, division, )
• Comparison Operations (Greater than, less than, greater than equal to , less than equal to, and equal to )

What is System Unit?

System Unit:

"The electronic components of computers and all the mobile devices which are closed in a case is called System Unit."

But it is notable thing that under this case all the electronic components which are used to process data.

Electronic components of a PC include all the motherboard in which processor,memory, chips, adapter cards(Video card, sound card), power-supply etc are present.

Common examples:

System Units: CPU, Laptop, Tablet PC, i phones, digital cameras, PDA,

Not system unit: keyboards, mouses, speakers, printers, scanners, USB flash, Monitors, LCDs, 

Registers VS Buses

Registers:

Registers are related to processors. it is not a part of a memory or storage device rather it is a part of processor.

Buses:

 Buses are the part of motherboard. Every instruction from processor, memory or storage device must travel via buses.


The detail of the both described as follow:

Registers:

Registers are the storage location in processors where every instruction remains there for a very short time. It holds data and instructions temporarily and then sent to memory , storage media or output.

For example if two numbers are to be manipulated then firstly they will remain in registers and then after calculation they are sent to memory.

Some following types of instructions are stored at registers:

• Fetched instructions
• Decoding instructions
• ALU performed instructions
• Results of calculations.

Conclusion:Every processor contains a high speed storage location and this high speed storage location is known as Registers.

it is a part of processors not memory or storage devices.

Buses:

Buses are the channels or ways through which every instruction travels and reaches to its desired location from one part of a computer to another part of that computer.

Note that in computers every instruction travels in the form of  "Bit".

And bits transferring from input devices to memory, from memory to processors, from processors to memory and from memory to output devices  is totally held via Buses.

(for example you have to travel from sargodha to lahore, for this purpose you must have some vehicle and highway. This highway is so called as Bus. )

Buses are in the form of a collection of wires, and all the wires in a computers are consider as Bus.

Parts of Bus:  the first part of a bus is called as Data bus and the other part of bus is called as Address Bus.

Size of Buses:

The size of a bus is called as bus width.

A 32 bits bus mean 4 bytes can carry 4 bytes information from one part to another part.

A 64 bits bus mean 8 bytes can carry 8 bytes information from one part to another part at a time.

The wider the width of bus the faster will be the  transfer of data.

So, now a days 64 bits buses are preferred over 32 bits buses.

Expansion Bus:

Expansion Bus is connected to a port  on an adapter card , which is inserted in an expansion slot on the  motherboard.

The types of expansion buses on motherboards determines the types of cards you can add to the computer.

Types of Expansion Bus: PCI bus,  PCI express bus, AGP bus, USB, PC card bus.

What are Chips

Chips:

Chips are integrated circuits which are commonly used now a days almost in every integrated system.

Chips are small and efficient, they are complex circuits.

The chip is packed in plastic holder with pins which will fit into holes in boards.

Usually called as integrated circuits (ICs).

Used in computer and other electronic circuits are as:

• Computers
• Cars
• Mobile Phones
• Telescope
• Digital Cameras
• Watches
• Wireless Devices
• Radios
• Networking Devices
• Switches, Hubs, Routers,
• Wi-Fi chips for Mobile Devices
• Gaming Devices
• Tablet Computers
• Bluetooth, GPS chips
• i phones
• smart phones
• i pods
• 
  

Memory Chips:

RAM is a basic component used in the storage and transfer of data throughout a system.

Memory chips stores the "Bits" as voltage in RAM.

Memory chips are considered as volatile memory because Memory chips stores data as electricity and  volatile memory will not persist after a power failure or system shutdown.

What is a Portal?

Portal:

"A portal is a type of website which gives you a variety of services under one domain name."

when you found all the below described services from one location, it will be a portal.

• Search Engine
• News
• Health
• Games
• Horoscope
• mail
• messenger
• Movies
• Music
• weather
• Online TV
• Shopping
• Travel
• Finance
• Sports
• Entertainment
• Market updates(Stock Exchange)
• Maps

Some popular portals are:

1. Yahoo
2. MSN
3. AOL
4. Alta vista
5. Excite
6. Go.com
7. iGoogle
8. Lycos
9. Hamariweb.com,    etc.