Types of Networking

LAN:

            LAN short for Local Area Network, supplies networking capability to a group of computers in close proximity to each other such as in an office building, a school, or a home. A LAN is useful for sharing resources like files, printers, games or other applications. A LAN in turn often connects to other LAN's  and to the Internet or other WAN. The term LAN party refers to a multi-player gaming event where participants bring their own computers and build a temporary LAN.

WAN:

            WAN short form of Wide Area Network, spans a large geographic area, such as a state, province or country. WANs often connect multiple smaller networks, such as local area networks (LANs) or metro area networks (MANs). Most local area networks are built with relatively inexpensive hardware such as Ethernet cables, network adapters, and hubs. Wireless LAN and other more advanced LAN hardware options also exist. Specialized operating system software may be used to configure a local area network. For example, most flavors of Microsoft Windows provide a software package called Internet Connection Sharing (ICS) that supports controlled access to LAN resources.
             The world's most popular WAN is the Internet. Some segments of the Internet, like VPN-based on Extranets, are also WANs in themselves. Finally, many WANs are corporate or research networks that utilize leased lines. WANs generally utilize different and much more expensive networking equipment than do LANs.

MAN:

MAN short form of Metropolitan Area Network is a computer network that usually spans a city or a large campus. A MAN usually interconnects a number of local area networks (LANs) using a high-capacity backbone technology, such as fiber-optical links, and provides up-link services to wide area networks (or WAN) and the Internet.

The IEEE 802-2002 standard describes a MAN as being:

"A MAN is optimized for a larger geographical area than a LAN, ranging from several blocks of buildings to entire cities. MANs can also depend on communications channels of moderate-to-high data rates. A MAN might be owned and operated by a single organization, but it usually will be used by many individuals and organizations. MANs might also be owned and operated as public utilities. They will often provide means for inter-networking of local networks."

It can also be used in cable television.

Some important Definitions

Server and Clints:

               A server is a centralised computer which holds the information and resources centrally. A client machine is connected to the centralised server. The client machine requests the server for information through cables. The request is processed and sent back to the client by the server through the cable.

TCP/IP:

              TCP/IP short for Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol.

Computers running on the Internet or intranet communicate to each other using TCP protocols. IP address is given to each and every computer on the network. This IP address is unique and cannot be used by any other computer inside the network. An IP addre ss is like a telephone number allotted to the Telephone subscriber.

Packet:

           Large volumes of data sent over a network are split into small chunks of data and stored in digital packets and, an address is allotted to each such packet.

PING:

         PING short for Packet Internet Groper. This helps determine whether a specific IP address of a remote computer is accessible. It works by sending a required information of the TCP/IP by way of a packet to the specified address in a remote computer and waits for a reply. If the message is retu rns, then the connection is said to be proper, otherwise the connection is not established with the opposite computer. PING is used, primarily to troubleshoot Internet connections.

Network ID:

         Network ID is the physical name or ID allotted to a network. It helps find systems located on the same Physical Network. The ID is in the form of numbers, for example 100.23.40.59, where 100.23 denotes the network ID. The network ID is unique and cannot be duplicated.

Host ID:

         Host Id is the id given to a single computer connected to the network. The host id should be unique because it helps to identify a particular machine connected to the physical network. Example 100.23.40.59, where 40.59 denotes the Host ID of a computer connected to the network.

Router:

        Router is a device used to connect networks and helps transfer information packets across multiple networks. The above process is called Routing. A router reads the packet address and sends the packet to the mentioned address.

Domain Name Server:

        The Domain Name Server is a software that enables your computer to have computer name. As discussed earlier, computer will have a number mapping (for ex 109.33.93.11 can be named as computer.domain.local.somename). Domain name server is hierarchical in n ature. A computer can be identified in a network with the help of name allotted by the Domain Name Server.

FTP:

         FTP short for File Transfer Protocol. FTP is a program which connects to a remote computer and helps perform file operations as well as transfers files from one computer on a network to another on the same network. FTP also helps in transferring files from one system to another system which has got a different operating system. (Operating System is a software which drives your computer to do operations. Examples of Operating System are MS DOS, UNIX, Windows NT, etc.)

What is Networking?

Networking

"In the world of computers, networking is the practice of linking two or more computing devices together for the purpose of sharing data."
 Networks are built with a mix of computer hardware and computer software.

Area Networks:

           Networks can be categorized in several different ways. One approach defines the type of network according to the geographic area it spans.Local area networks (LANs), for example, typically span a single home, school, or small office building, whereas wide area networks (WANs), reach across cities, states, or even across the world. The Internet is the world's largest public WAN. 

Network Design:

             Computer networks also differ in their design. The two basic forms of network design are called client/server and peer-to-peer. Client-server networks feature centralized server computers that store email, Web pages, files and or applications. On a peer-to-peer network, conversely, all computers tend to support the same functions. Client-server networks are much more common in business and peer-to-peer networks much more common in homes.

                  A network topology represents its layout or structure from the point of view of data flow. In so-called bus networks, for example, all of the computers share and communicate across one common conduit, whereas in a star network, all data flows through one centralized device. Common types of network topologies include bus, star, ring networks and mesh networks.

Network Protocols:

                  Communication languages used by computer devices are called network protocol. Yet another way to classify computer networks is by the set of protocols they support. Networks often implement multiple protocols with each supporting specific applications. Popular protocols include TCP/IP, the most common protocol found on the Internet and in home networks. 

Home Networking:

                    While other types of networks are built and maintained by engineers, home networks belong to ordinary homeowners, people often with little or no technical background. Various manufacturers produce broadband router hardware designed to simplify home network setup. Home broadband routers allow devices in different rooms to efficiently share a broadband Internet connection, enable people to more easily share their files and printers within the network, and help with overall network security.

                     Home networks have increased in capability with each generation of new technology. Years ago, people commonly set up their home network just to connect a few PCs, share some documents and perhaps a printer. Now its common for households to also network game consoles, digital video recorders, and smartphones for streaming sound and video. Home automation systems have also existed for many years, but these too have grown in popularity more recently with practical systems for controlling lights, digital thermostats and appliances.

Business Networks:

                   Small and home office (SOHO) environments use similar technology as found in home networks. Businesses often have additional communication, data storage, and security requirements that require expanding their networks in different ways, particularly as the business gets larger. Whereas a home network generally functions as one LAN, a business network tends to contain multiple LANs. Companies with buildings in multiple locations utilize wide-area networking to connect these branch offices together. Though also available and used by some households, voice over IP communication and network storage and backup technologies are prevalent in businesses. Larger companies also maintain their own internal Web sites, called intranets to help with employee business communication.

Networking and the Internet:

                     The popularity of computer networks sharply increased with the creation of the World Wide Web (WWW) in the 1990s. Public Web sites, peer to peer (P2P) file sharing systems, and various other services run on Internet servers across the world. 

Wired vs. Wireless Networking:

                  Many of the same network protocols, like TCP/IP, work in both wired and wireless networks. Networks with Ethernet cables predominated in businesses, schools, and homes for several decades. More recently, however, wireless alternatives have emerged as the premier technology for building new computer networks, in part to support smartphones and the other new kinds of wireless gadgets that have triggered the rise of mobile networking. 

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Ayyobi ki Yalgharain

Sultan Salahudin Ayyobi

Reign                  1174–1193

Coronation         1174, Cairo

Full name          Salah ad-Din Yousuf ibn Ayyub

Born                   Muslim year 532: (Between 19 Sept. 1137 and 8 September 1138)

Birthplace           Tikrit, Iraq[1]

Died                   March 4, 1193 CE (aged 55)

Place of death     Damascus, Syria

Buried                Umayyad Mosque, Damascus, Syria

Predecessor       Nur ad-Din Zangi

Successor          Al-Afdal (Syria) Al-Aziz Uthman (Egypt)

Dynasty             Ayyubid

Father                Najm ad-Dīn Ayyūb

Religious            Sunni Islam

Salah ad-Din Yousuf ibn Ayyub (Arabic: صلاح الدين يوسف بن أيوب‎, Salah ad-Din Yousuf ibn Ayyub, Kurdish: سه‌لاحه‌دین ئه‌یوبی, Selah'edin Eyubi) (1137/1138 – March 4, 1193), better known in the Western world as Saladin, was a Kurdish Muslim, who became the first Sultan of Egypt and Syria, and founded the Ayyubid dynasty. He led Muslim opposition to the Franks and other European Crusaders in the Levant. At the height of his power, his sultanate included Egypt, Syria, Mesopotamia, Hejaz, Yemen, and parts of North Africa.

Under his personal leadership, his forces defeated the Crusaders at the Battle of Hattin, leading the way to his re-capture of Palestine, which had been seized from the Fatimid Egyptians by the Crusaders 88 years earlier. Though the Crusader Kingdom of Jerusalem would continue to exist for a period, its defeat at Hattin marked a turning point in its conflict with the Muslims and Arabs. As such, Saladin is a prominent figure in Kurdish, Arab, and Muslim culture. Saladin was a strict adherent of Sunni Islam. His noble and chivalrous behavior was noted by Christian chroniclers, especially in the accounts of the Siege of Kerak, and despite being the nemesis of the Crusaders, he won the respect of many of them, including Richard the Lionheart; rather than becoming a hated figure in Europe, he became a celebrated example of the principles of chivalry.

Many writers wrote a number of books on this great leader but the most famous book about Ayyobi is "Ayyobi ki yalgharain" written by  Muhammad Tahir Naqash.

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